1NF (First Normal Form):

First Normal Form (1NF) is the basic level of normalization in a relational database. It requires that the values in each column of a table are atomic (indivisible) and that there are no repeating groups. In other words, each column should contain a single value, and each row should be unique. 1NF ensures that the table has a well-defined primary key and avoids data redundancy.

2NF (Second Normal Form):

Second Normal Form (2NF) builds upon 1NF and eliminates partial dependencies. It requires that each non-key attribute in a table is fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key. In other words, all non-key attributes should depend on the entire primary key, not just part of it. If a table has a composite primary key, 2NF ensures that each non-key attribute depends on the entire composite key, not just a subset.

3NF (Third Normal Form):

Third Normal Form (3NF) further refines the table design by removing transitive dependencies. It requires that each non-key attribute in a table is non-transitively dependent on the primary key. It means that a non-key attribute should depend only on the primary key and not on other non-key attributes. 3NF eliminates redundant data and ensures that data is stored in a logically consistent manner.

BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form):

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is a more stringent level of normalization that goes beyond 3NF. It addresses the issue of functional dependencies and determines the conditions for a table to be free of anomalies. BCNF requires that every non-trivial functional dependency in a table must have a candidate key as its determinant. In other words, it ensures that there are no non-key attributes that functionally determine other non-key attributes. BCNF helps maintain data integrity and reduces redundancy.

In summary, 1NF ensures atomic values and no repeating groups, 2NF eliminates partial dependencies, 3NF removes transitive dependencies, and BCNF further refines the design to eliminate non-trivial functional dependencies. Each normal form builds upon the previous one, promoting data integrity and efficient database design.

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